Writing to communicate 1 paragraphs pdf download

Use the words in exercise 1. It covers a third of the Earth's surface. It does not use much energy. How many kilograms of food do blue whales eat a day?

Why are some penguin populations decreasing in number? Discuss your predictions with a partner. I think blue whales eat They might eat Perhaps some penguin populations are decreasing in number because Predicting also involves thinking while you read, checking, and further refining and revising your predictions.

It is an important skill because activating prior background knowledge allows you to connect the new information with what you already know. This makes the new information easier to understand and remember. Check i your prediction for what the title means. Check your prediction. Close reading 1 Read Fuel of the sea. Check your guesses to Before you read exercise 1.

Correct any wrong answers. Then write the answers to these questions. They are blowing bubbles in a tighter and individuals per cubic meter. When they gather together in tighter circle. Suddenly, one opens its huge mouth a defensive group called a swarm, they may number up to and takes in a massive amount of water.

With a , per cubic meter. A single swarm can be as large tongue that weighs more than an adult elephant, as square kilometers and contain up to million it forces the water out of its mouth. Using a highly metric tons of krill. It can turn the surface of the ocean efficient filtering system, it keeps and swallows pink.

Some swarms are large enough to be seen from hundreds of kilograms of krill. Krill are the primary space. Krill are so abundant that they weigh more than all source of food for many whales, and blue whales, of the people on Earth.

In the ocean around Antarctica of a paper clip. This is partly depths and rise to the surface each night to feed. Krill oil has become popular They feed on phytoplankton—single-cell plants at in dietary supplements in recent years, and this demand the bottom of the food chain—and on algae found is also impacting krill numbers.

Only a few countries under sea ice. There are approximately 90 known currently fish for krill, but the numbers are growing. Some species of krill. They are found in all the world's animals that feed on krill, such as penguins, have declined oceans and may live up to ten years. Aside from in number as a result. This is why they are sometimes described important animals on Earth.

Healthy krill populations in the as the fuel of the sea. Without krill, many of the life future depend on the actions of students studying marine forms in the oceans would disappear. Evelyday people could If krill numbers continue to decline, it will mean that What country is circled? What continent is it in? What is the most widely spoken language? I think the countv is It's in The most widey spoken language is Which are most important? Check I what you think it is about.

Check your predictions. Complete these sentences. Use the numbers in the box. They may provide hints or clues that require you to infer meaning. When you make inferences, you go beyond the surface details of a text to interpret information and draw logical conclusions. We make inferences every day. For example, if someone enters a room shaking a wet umbrella, we can infer that it is raining outside. PIS : uipra 1 D Singapore does not have enough land to grow all of its food.

Within a decade, 50, new homes were built. These are referred to as housing estate towns and are divided into neighborhoods of about 24, people. Each neighborhood has schools, clinics, and many other businesses. Engineers work to figure out where they can add to existing land in a way that will not affect tidal zones or water levels. The country has added about square kilometers of land and is planning at least that much more in the near future.

In fact, Singapore's famous Changi Airport is built on reclaimed land. Its Mass Rapid Transit system allows all areas to be accessed easily by rail, reducing road use substantially. Bus stations and 1Singapore is home to approximately five million people train stations are built over each other to make efficient use in an area of only about square kilometers.

It does of space and allow ease of access between transportation not have abundant resources and was once a massive modes. It imports much of its water and nearly all of its Singapore has done a very good job of planning and food. Yet Singapore enjoys excellent education and health designing its future, and it has paid off. Singapore has systems, low taxes, and a per capita income greater than had an annual growth rate in its gross domestic product that of most countries.

In fact, at Aside did such a small country, now one of the most urban from its primary industries of finance, manufacturing, countries in the world, manage to get so much right?

Let and communications, Singapore is working toward being us take a look, beginning with housing. Its citizens are 'Like any large city, Singapore has faced a growing among the best educated in the world.

Singapore's future population, and with it the high demand for housing. How is it different? They both have My thy has I think it's better to live in Think about the items in the box on the right. Complete them with the correct definition or example. Use the definitions in the box. You are then going to use these to write a paragraph describing how your neighborhood is changing.

Use and to link similar ideas, but to express a contrast, or to show a choice or possibility, and so to show a result. English is Singapore's national language, and many people speak it very well. Singapore consists of many islands, but most of them are uninhabited. There is a bus that goes to Changi Airport, or you can take a taxi. Singapore does not have much farmland, so the government imports most food.

We generally use commas in compound sentences but we may omit the comma if the sentence is very short, or the subjects are the same. Singapore has many interesting neighborhoods. Also near downtown is The Riverside area. The famous Orchard Road is known mostly for its shopping malls.

Another neighborhood is Bugis and Kampong Glam. Both neighborhoods are great places for bargains. Singapore's neighborhoods really do have something for everyone. Use the correct conjunctions. It is easy to get around. No one goes there. It is easy to call for a taxi. They all live nearby. It is also used to talk about longer actions that are happening around now and will continue in the future.

Singapore is working toward being a global leader in Information Technology. More and more people are moving to Singapore to work. Use the present progressive tense of the verbs in the box. More and more young people 2 older homes. They 3 a lot of money to fix them up, but unfortunately, that 4 up the rent prices. I think that's enough.

It 6 the sidewalks more crowded as well. However, there are some good things about all this. I like the new cafe near my house. It's a Lebanese place called Meze. A lot more people 8 in the stores in our neighborhood, rather than going elsewhere. Underline the verbs in the present progressive tense. My neighborhood is changing a lot. Some of these are positive changes, but some are negative.

More people are moving into the neighborhood. This is a positive thing. These new residents are shopping in the neighborhood, so they are spending money locally. This helps local businesses a lot, and develops a sense of community. A lot of new buildings are going up as well, but I don't think this is a good thing. It is creating a lot of noise, and many of the new homes are sitting empty.

There are now a lot of new homes, but there are some older, empty homes. There are more children in the neighborhood now, but no one is building more parks, and I know we will need more of these in the future.

Overall, I think the way the neighborhood is changing is a positive thing. Complete the table with your ideas. Decide how you want to organize your paragraph.

Link some of your sentences with and, but, or, or so. Pay attention to your use of the present progressive tense. Scenario Chen just did his writing Read this scenario. Think about what Chen did right and what he did wrong. His teacher gave him a choice of topics, and he Consider it chose one Then he went to his study space and thought Read these six steps in the writing process.

Discuss each one with a partner. What steps did Chen do? Next he wrote his first draft on 1 Pre-writing This is everything you do before you actually write. First you his computer. He then showed decide on a topic. Next you expand on your topic by brainstorming. After it to a classmate and got you get your ideas on paper, you then plan your writing. Decide what you feedback At the same time he will use from your brainstorm and how you will organize the writing.

Look over your ideas and gave feedback He considered start your first draft. If you get stuck, take a break, but it is important to get the feedback he got and made the draft on paper.

After you have your draft down, look it over to further changes to his draft. In some shape your draft. Get some cases he cut information, honest feedback on what works well, and what areas can be improved. Chen then gave the make. You might choose to add, rearrange, remove, or replace information.

Make sure each sentence is as strong as it can be. Focus on word choice, grammar, sentence clarity, spelling, and punctuation. Determining main ideas and supporting details Discussion point Taking notes Discuss these questions with a partner. Adding prefixes for 1 Describe the pattern of the flower farm in the picture.

What patterns do you see? They are Giving advice and 3 What patterns can you find in your behavior? I' eadin : ski 1 assume a as good as you can imagine 2 gradually b to believe something to be true, even with no proof 3 ideal slowly and in small stages 4 in common d to have the same features as something else 5 maximum e to happen again 6 recur f a set of things arranged in a particular order 7 sequence g the largest number or amount possible READING 1 Time for a change Before you read Look at the picture.

What bad habit do you see? Do you have any of the bad habits in the box on the eing ate for class right? I think people develop bad habits because Check i what it is about. The main idea is the most important idea and is located in the topic sentence. To determine the main idea, ask yourself, "What point is the author trying to make? Identifying these supporting details allows you to make sense of the main idea. Decide which is the main idea and supporting detail in each paragraph.

Write M main idea or S supporting detail. Write the letters in the boxes in the text. The important thing is to get back on track as quickly as possible. Jared explains that breaking those recurring bad habits is Good habit Bad habit not as hard as you might think.

Maybe you are always late, you spend Instead, simply eat less of them or eat them less frequently. To break any habit, what's the first thing you need do no exercise, don't expect to suddenly start spending to do? Set a goal of exercising a commit yourself to making the change. It's also helpful to talk to people around Keep a journal or diary, or just write things in a notebook. There's an old healthier, there are many cell phone apps that can record saying—"The best mirror is an old friend.

You bad habit will then start to be its own reward. Then set a goal for change, but you have to set a realistic Instead, get out with some good friends or buy that jacket one. Do you react well to positive reinforcement? What do they have in common? The pictures all show Global reading Skim The Fibonacci sequence. Check I the best sub-title. Use your own words. Add your own thoughts. Take notes on the rest of the text. Then compare your notes with a partner. The Fibonacci sequence Sept. L Fibonacci ltay, 1.

Then correct the false sentences. At October 55 34 89 first you might think very little, but they are all examples of recurring November 89 55 patterns in nature. These plants, as well as pinecones, seashells, and December 89 many other plants and animal species, are linked by a mathematical January sequence of numbers called the Fibonacci sequence.

The number of adult rabbit pairs living each month shows 2 The sequence is named after Leonardo Fibonacci, a thirteenth-century the Fibonacci sequence: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 13, etc. Italian mathematician. He did not discover the sequence, but used it as an example in one of his books.

As you can see, starting with 0 and 1, each number is the sum of the previous two numbers: zero plus one equals one, one plus one equals two, one plus two equals three, and so on. The numbers can describe, for example, the placement of the seeds in a sunflower. The spirals alternate in opposite directions. This allows a large number of seeds to grow efficiently in a small area.

This also allows maximum exposure to moisture, light, and air. Of course the plant does not actually use the sequence. It simply grows in the most efficient way possible. The Fibonacci sequence gradually emerges in the column "Number of adult pairs. It can be seen all around us, and not just in plants, animals, and shells.

One area where people have used the Fibonacci sequence in daily life is architecture. The numbers of the sequence and their ratios are in structures as old as the Taj Mahal in India. Modern designers have made use of them as well. An education center called "The Core" is part of a popular visitor attraction in England which has the largest greenhouses in the world. By imitating forms found in nature, they made a connection between the building and plants. The next number is Is this because of the Fibonacci sequence?

How do they affect you? We can negate some words in English by adding one of these prefixes: un- fair —0 unfair im- possible —0 impossible dis- organized —0 disorganized logical —0 illogical in- correct —0 incorrect ir- regular —0 irregular It is best to consult a dictionary to determine the correct prefix.

Then check your dictionary. Use prefixes. I am not organized. It is not possible. It is not legal. It is not regular. It is not realistic. Your answer is not correct. It is not logical. It is not likely. You are then going to use these to write an email giving advice. Fibonacci conducted a thought experiment. How many rabbits are there? Look out! You must capitalize You can also use the verbs need to and have to to give advice.

These are stronger than should. He should not get discouraged. It is important to be honest. It is ideal to talk to other people. It is not good to expect change overnight. Use the words in parentheses. Underline the modals and expressions that give advice. Correct the capitalization or end punctuation errors. First, congratulations. I'm happy you got accepted.

My Summer program there was great. Are you also planning to start the program in july. There are some excellent professors there? You should write to professor Radison. She can help answer some questions, too. I will send you her email. They have a booklet for new students called "Tips for new Students", and I'm sure she will send you that! It's good to arrive early so you can get settled before classes start. It's important to reserve an early place if you want to live in the dorms?

You need to apply for a place before march. You shouldn't worry, though. I think there is plenty of time! Or are you going to rent an apartment.

I'm really glad I can help. Write me back with specific questions! Choose one topic and complete the table with your ideas. Discuss other possible ideas with your partner. Then choose at least four of the best ideas to include. Your email should be words long. Pay attention to your end punctuation and use of capitalization. Be as accurate as you can— nobody will see this except you! Work out approximately how many hours each day you spend on sleep, exercise, lectures, etc.

Draw a time circle, like the ones below, and divide it into a hour day. Circle 1: How I use time now Using different colors or symbols for each type of activity, mark in where your time usually goes in a day. Treat each section as roughly one hour. Which activities take up too much time? Circle 2: How I want to use my time Draw another time circle. Divide the day into how you would prefer 24 to use your time so that your day is balanced between different activities.

This is your goal to work towards. People in my countv Tuicky. Use the words in the box. I' eadin: s i - advocate appeal associate emphasized functional impact origin pace 1 After my crazy week, a quiet weekend has an to it. Before you read 1 Do you do the actions in the box on the right quickly, slowly, or at an average speed? Check I your predictions for what read write topics are discussed. Close reading 1 Read Hurry up and slow down!

Check i the interviewer's purpose. A fact expresses a truth. An opinion expresses a belief, feeling, or judgment. It may be based on facts, but it cannot be proven. Read carefully to determine if someone is expressing a fact or opinion. Write F fact or 0 opinion. Other"slow" movements include the Slow Design Movement believe?

Movement and Slow Parenting Movement. It's best to live your life slowly. The word "slow" should be What is the Slow Internet Movement? It needs to be more positive. Right now it is associated with failure, as in "slow progress. It happened on April Fool's Day, or the first of April. In the U. Anyway, on April 1,, a radio station did a story 7 When did you become a member? I went to the office to do some work that morning hours drinking coffee and checking email.

A scientist said that and got stuck in traffic. After that I knew I wanted a slower, our perception of time would change if the Internet were slower. For example, a photo that takes a minute to download would feel like four minutes, and so our lives would feel longer. Our lives 3 What is a typical member like?

What's There is no single member's profile. We are many things: doctors, interesting is that the story was false, but many believed it. However, we always give the same reasons for our inability to slow down. We travel further to get 7Interesting. Why do you think they to work. We work longer hours. The believed it? It destroys Although many demand faster and faster internet connections, our health, families, and communities.

It's better to emphasize I think there was an appeal to what the story suggested: A slower quality, not quantity. Gandhi once said,"There is more to life than and more relaxed pace of life, that increasing its speed. It all began with food. In , a journalist called Carlo Petrini 8I can understand witnessed the opening of an American fast-food restaurant in an that appeal!

Thank old part of Rome. He understood the dangers to local traditions you, Roberto, for and dietary habits. He was especially concerned that people talking with us today. The Slow Food Movement was You're very welcome. And did it spread quickly? True to itself, it spread slowly. The movement now has 83, members in more than countries. After the Slow Food Movement, the idea spread to other areas. Do you better appreciation o t ings think slowing down would lead to these things?

What do you think is the best way to get around? Usualy, I yet around by Check i what it is mainly about. Possible tones include: humorous or dry, serious or light-hearted, and supportive or unsupportive.

As you read, notice the specific words that the author chooses to help you determine the tone. Check i the author's tone. What words from the text helped you determine your answer?

He runs effortlessly down a narrow Children start running early, chasing sheep and goats to trail at a steady pace. Remarkably, he has run nearly keep them from wandering too far away. Runners are often kilometers. However, he has only stopped a couple of times sent between pueblos to deliver news or goods, and groups for water.

He still has many, many kilometers to run. This travel long distances to attend ceremonies. The quickest way is not a problem. He will continue to run for several more to travel is simply to run. This young man is a Tarahumara Indian. A running course may be anywhere between They live in the canyon country of northern Mexico. In addition to running, the The Tarahumara name probably comes from a Spanish runners sometimes move a wooden ball along the entire version of the name they call themselves, Rararnuri, which length of the race using only their feet.

The women also means "foot runner. They throw and catch round hoops called ranchos. There are between two and 25 houses in while running. Three kilometers apart. An area of about 24 kilometers forms Tarahumara entered an ultra-marathon in the U. It is they were promised food to feed their pueblos.

We continue to revise them every few years to provide updated advice on clear communication. When we first wrote the guidelines, we were primarily interested in regulations.

If you have any feedback or questions about these guidelines, please contact us. We also offer free half-day training sessions for federal agencies in the Washington, DC area. Menu plainlanguage. Home Law and requirements Overview Agency programs and contacts Plain writing page template Law and requirements Plain language guidelines Overview Write for your audience Organize the information Choose your words carefully Be concise Keep it conversational Design for reading Follow web standards Test your assumptions Plain language guidelines Examples Overview Before and after Award winners Reports and brochures Handbooks and manuals Letters and notices Regulations Examples Training Overview Introductory classes Videos Online training Train-the-trainer bootcamp Create your own class Tips for starting a plain language program Training Resources Overview Groups and organizations Checklists and handouts Style guides Books Articles Writing and reference tools Content types Humor Quotes Resources About Overview What is plain language?

Why use plain language? This is usually done by reading and taking careful notes. However, data can also be collected through interviews, observations, inquiries, or surveys.

This provides the information necessary to write. Skipping or minimizing effort here makes writing much more difficult in all subsequent phases. Whether you are doing expository writing, persuasive writing, or inquiry, having a cohesive body of information in front of you makes the process of writing much easier and greatly enhances the quality of your final product. Step 2: Pre-Writing Once you have gathered data and taken notes, the next step is to generate ideas and find a basic yet flexible initial structure.

Below are described five strategies for this. Note that there is no single strategy that is best for every person or every writing situation.

Find the one that works best for you. Adopt and adapt. Use a yellow legal pad or sheet of note paper and start listing ideas as quickly as you can. After you have a paper filled with scratches and messy sentences, then look for patterns and groups. Use these to create a very flexible, beginning and then begin to outline. Start with your writing topic. Then generate as many ideas as quickly as you can related to your topic without regard to evaluation.

That is, whenever you brainstorm you should include the silly, far-fetched ideas along with the more pragmatic ones. These ideas that may be consider conceptual outliers serve to stretch the boundaries of your thinking enabling you to think more broadly. Next, look for groups or patterns. Then organize the ideas into groups to create sections and paragraphs. The semantic web allows you to generate ideas at the same time as you create structure. It tends to create a more visual structure. First, draw a circle in the middle of your paper and write your topic in the circle.

Then, think of three or four ideas related to your topic. Each of these will become a node see Figure 1. Next, list as many ideas as you can related to each node. Finally, use this flexible structure to begin writing. Each node of your web will become sections or paragraphs. Semantic web. Talking through your writing project or explaining it to a friend or colleague helps to organize the ideas in your head and detect any missing parts.

Encourage friends and colleagues to ask questions or add ideas. Power writing helps you get in touch with your unconscious. Starting with your writing topic, write as many things as quickly as you can for one to three minutes. Do not overly think here. The goal is to create an abundance of ideas, both good and bad. Do not let your pen stop moving.

Use free association to catch the first thing that pops into your mind. Let your mind travel. It does not matter if you jump from one idea to the next or if your ideas are jumbled. You will get it straightened out later. The first draft becomes an external version of your working memory used to hold all your thoughts and ideas as you generate and organize them and look for associations and supporting ideas. The first draft should be a poorly written, unorganized pile of garbage.

Only then can you start to pull things away and begin to see some of the good ideas emerging. Academic Writing - 4 Andy aside. You cannot create good writing if you are not first willing to create bad writing. The first draft of this chapter was horrible. Things were all higgily-piggily on the page. There were far too many words, many of which made no sense at all. But having all the ideas on the page enabled me to see which were the good ones and which were the bad ones.

And as I started pulling out the bad ideas I began to see a new structure emerging. I began to get a better sense of how one thing related to another.